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±×°ÍÀº¾Ë°í½Í´Ù ¹æ¼Û ¢Ð¿©±â¿¡ Ŭ¸¯ÇÏ¿© ¹æ¼Ûº¸¼¼¿ä 1075ȸ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Ë°í½Í´Ù¹æ¼ÛÀÏ| 2017.05.06(Åä) ¹ÚÁ¤ÈñÀÇ ¹ÌÄ£¿ª»ç¼Ó¿¡¼ ¹àÇôÁø ½ºÀ§½ººñÀڱݰú ¿ì¸®ÇǿͶ¡°ú´«¹°°ú¸ñ¼ûÀÇ ´ë°¡ÀÎ Çؿܺ¹¹«¼ö´ç°ú ÀüÅõ¼ö´ç µµµ¶ÁúÇÏ¿© ±×µþ³âÀÌ ¼û°Ü³ëÀº ½ºÀ§½ºÀºÇà¿¡ ºñ±Ø¸¦ ÆÄÇÞÄ£´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀüÅõ¼ö´ç°ú Çؿܺ¹¹«¼ö´ç¸¦ ÀüºÎ´Ù ÆÄÇÞÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÑÁ¡ ¾Æ½±´Ù. ÇÁ·¹ÀÌÀúº¸°í¼ ¿µ¹®º» 177 However, GAO'S estimate came to about $1.3 billion. The differ- ence was due in part to the GAO'S valuation of facilities and equipment supplied to Korea which the United States did not intend to replace.¡° A Defense Department spokesman argued that the cost was less than the figures indicated, since some of the equipment would have been provided anyway." For example, the United States would have modernized Korean forces and trans- ferred some equipment, including counterinfiltration systems. Nonetheless, even without counting the excess equipment and ¡°modernization¡± provided, the United States greatly desired Korean troops for political and military reasons and was willing to pay about $1 billion for that assistance. Another aspect of the question is how much the Vietnam earn- ings contributed to the growth of the Korean economy. In the early years of participation—1966 to 1968—the impact was significant. The economic upswing had just started and Korea was vigorously pursuing a policy of maximum export expansion. Foreign exchange was essential, and the marked increase in these earnings after 1966 was due, in part, to proceeds from Vietnam. Although, according to a GAO report, Korea did not profit from the Vietnamese war to the extent that Japan profited from the Korean war, AID estimated that from 1966 through 1972 Korean foreign exchange earnings from Vietnam totaled $925 million.58 However, as Korea¡¯s export growth and earnings expanded at a rate of 40 percent per year, the relative im rtance of the Vietnam-related earnings declined. Using GAO s per year estimate of Vietnam earnings from 1966 to 1970 as $200 million, in rough terms, they provided 40 percent of foreign exchange receipts in 1966, but only 15 percent in 1970." Nevertheless, because Korea suffered chronic shortages of foreign exchange, even that 15 percent was important.60 THE KOREAN ECONOMY BY 1969 The 1960¡¯s were marked by the increasing economic independ- ence of Korea. The significant achievements of this period were: (1) The GNP increased from $2.22 billion in 1960 to $5.63 billion in 1970. (2) Per capita GNP rose by 90 percent from $90 in 1960 to $171 in 1970. (3) Ex rts of goods and services went from $117 million in 1960 to 1.37 billion in 197 0, a 1,000-percent increase. ¡°Op. cit., GAO, U.S. Agreements ' ¡¯ ', p. 9. "' Ibid., appendix III. "Op. cit., GAO, U.S. Assistance ' ' ¡®, p. 60. " Op. cit., AID, fiscal year 1970 program memorandum, p. 85-86. ¡°The dramatic increase in invisible receipts, which went from $114 million in 1965 to $323 million in 1967, is expected to come to an end this year. The principal cause of this phenomenon has been the Korean receipts from Vietnam. Procurement by the military within Korea for shipment to Vietnam and the repatriation of the earnings of the Korean troops stationed there has been responsible for the sharp increase in receipts from the military, while the repatriation of earnings y civilians and contract organizations in Vietnam caused the more than eightfold increase in ¡®other services¡¯." '¡ÆKorea¡¯s participation in Vietnam resulted not only in an increase in foreign exchange earnings, but in an increase in self-confidence. ¡°Korea will seek from this [commitment in Vietnam] a new level of equalit in its relationship to the U.S. and a new sense of independence in its international relations.¡± ' outcome had an effect on Korean-American relations which AID foresaw. ¡°We cannot but expect that as this trend continues, it will involve initiatives and actions not wholly in line with what we, the United States, would have Korea do." (AID fiscal ears 1968-72 program memorandum, p. 9). In fact, when the United States wanted to deesca- Iate in Vietnam, beginning in 1969, the Korean Government protested strongly. ¹ø¿ªÇÑ ¹ø¿ªº» ¹ø¿ªÀÚ:Çѱ¹º£ÀÎÀü ¿î¿µÀÚ. 177 ÆäÀÌÁö ±×·¯³ª, GAO 'S ÃßÁ¤Ä¡´Â ¾à $ 1.3 ¾ï¿Ô´Ù. ´Ù¸¦ - Áá¾î´Â ½Ã¼³°úÀÇ GAO ¹ë·ù¿¡À̼ǿ¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±âÀÎ ¹Ì±¹ÀºÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù Çѱ¹¿¡ °ø±Þ Àåºñ¸¦ ±³Ã¼ ÇÒ °èȹÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "A ±¹¹æºÎ ´ëº¯ÀÎÀº ÁÖÀå ºñ¿ëÀÌ ÀϺΠÀֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, Ç¥½ÃµÈ °úÇÐ guresº¸´Ù ÀÛÀº Àåºñ ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¹Ì±¹Àº ±Ù´ëÈ µÈ Çѱ¹±º°ú Ä«¿îÅÍ ¿©°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÀϺΠÀåºñ¸¦ ÀÌÀü ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸ ±×·³¿¡µµ °úµµÇÑ Àåºñ¿Í "±Ù´ëÈ"°¡ Á¦°øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´ÙÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹Ì±¹Àº Çѱ¹±ºÀ» Å©°Ô ¿ø Çß´Ù Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹× ±º»çÀû ÀÌÀ¯·Î 10 ¾ï ´Þ·¯ ¸¦ ÁöºÒ ÇÒ ¿ëÀÇ°¡ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¹®Á¦´Â º£Æ®³²ÀÇ ¼öÀÔÀÌ Çѱ¹ °æÁ¦ÀÇ ¼ºÀå ¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ±â¿© Çߴ°¡ ÇÏ´Â Á¡ ÀÌ´Ù .1966 ³â ºÎÅÍ 1968 ³â ±îÁöÀÇ Âü¿© Ãʱ⿡, ±× ¿µÇâÀº »ó´çÇß´Ù . °æÁ¦Àû »ó½ÂÀº ¸· ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í Çѱ¹Àº ÃÖ´ë ¼öÃâ È®´ë Á¤Ã¥À» Àû±Ø ÃßÁøÇß´Ù. xchange ´Â ÇʼöÀûÀ̾ú°í, 1966 ³â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öÀÔÀÌ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â º£Æ®³²À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¼öÀÔ ¶§¹® À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÖÁö¸¸ GAO º¸°í¼, Çѱ¹ ÇÁ·Î Fi¸¦ t´Â¿¡ º£Æ®³² ÀüÀïÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù ÀϺ» ÇÁ·Î Fi¸¦ Å×µå Çѱ¹ ÀüÀï¿¡¼, AID°¡ ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤µµ ¿¡¼ °ÍÀ» 1966 À» ÅëÇØ 1972 Çѱ¹¾î ¿ÜÈ ¼öÀÔ º£Æ®³²Àº, ±×·¯³ª 9 ¾ï 2 õ 5 ¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¼öÃâ·Î ¼ºÀå°ú ¼ÒµæÀÌ ¸Å³â 40 % ¾¿ Áõ°¡ ÇÏ¸é º£Æ®³² °ü·Ã ¼öÀÔ ÀÇ »ó´ëÀû ºñÀ²ÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇϰԵ˴ϴÙ. ¿¡¼ º£Æ®³² ½ÇÀûÀÇ GAOÀÇ ¿¬°£ ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ¿© 1966 ¿¡ °ÅÄ£ Ãø¸é¿¡¼, $ (200) ¸¸ ´Þ·¯·Î 1970 ³â, ±×µéÀºÀÇ 40 % Á¦°ø ¿¡ ¿Üȯ ¿µ¼öÁõÀ» 1966 ¸¸, "1970 ³â¿¡¸¸ 15 % Çѱ¹Àº ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ ¸¸¼º ºÎÁ· °íÅë ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±³È¯ 15 %´Â¿¡µµ °ÍÀ» important.60 Çѱ¹ °æÁ¦´Â 1969¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 1960 ³â´ë´Â Áõ°¡ °æÁ¦ independ-·Î Ç¥½Ã ÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀÇ Áá¾îÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ À¯ÀÇ Fi¸¦ ¸øÇÒ ¾÷ÀûÀ»Çß´Ù :. (1) GNP´Â $ 5.63·Î 1960 ³â¿¡ $ 2.22 ¾ïÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ ¾ï 1970 ³âÀº¿¡¼ (2) Àδç GNP°¡ 1960 ³â¿¡ $ (90)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 90 % Áõ°¡Çß´Ù 1970 ³â¿¡ $ (171) (3) »óÇ°°ú ¼ºñ½ºÀÇ ¿¹ÀÇ RTS´Â ³â¿¡ $ (117) ¹é¸¸ °¬´Ù 197 0, 1,000 % Áõ°¡ÇÑ 1.37 ¾ï 1,960. "GAO, ¹Ì±¹ ÇùÁ¤ '', p.9. " "Ibid., ºÎ·Ï III. "op. cit., GAO, US Assistance '', 60 ÂÊ. " cit., AID, 1970 ³â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ºñ¸Á·Ï, p. 85-86. " 1965 ³â 1 ¾ï 1400 ¸¸ ´Þ·¯¿¡¼ 1967 ³â 3 ¾ï 2,300 ¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ·Î ±Þ»ó½Â ÇÑ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿µ¼öÁõ ÀÇ ±Þ°ÝÇÑ Áõ°¡´Â ¿ÃÇØ ³¡³¯ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù . ÀÌ Çö»óÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¿øÀÎÀº º£Æ®³²À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÇ Çѱ¹ ¿µ¼öÁõ À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Çѱ¹±ºÀÇ º£Æ®³² ¼±ÀûÀ»À§ÇÑ Á¶´Þ ¹× ±×°÷¿¡ ÁÖµÐÁßÀÎ Çѱ¹±ºÀÇ ¼öÀÔ º»±¹ ¼ÛȯÀº ±º´ë ¿µ¼öÁõ ÀÇ ±Þ°ÝÇÑ Áõ°¡¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í º£Æ®³² ÀÇ ¼Òµæ ¹× ¹Î°£ ´ÜüÀÇ º»±¹ ¼ÛȯÀº " 'Çѱ¹ÀÇ º£Æ®³² Âü¿©´Â ¿Üȯ ¼öÀÔ Áõ°¡»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àڽۨ Áõ°¡·Î À̾îÁ³´Ù."Çѱ¹ÀºÀÌ [ º£Æ®³² °ø¾à ]À» »õ·Î¿î ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Ãß±¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù ¹Ì±¹°ú µ¶¸³ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °¨°¢°úÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼ equalitÀÇ ±¹Á¦ °ü°è. " '°á°ú°¡ ÇÑ¹Ì °ü°è¿¡ ¿µÇâÇß´Ù AID°¡ ¿¹°ßÇÑ´Ù."¿ì¸®´ÂÇÏÁö¸¸,ÀÌ Ãß¼¼°¡ °è¼ÓÀ¸·Î,ÀÌ »ç¾÷À» Æ÷ÇÔ ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»ó ÇÒ ¼ö¾ø°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ÇÒ ¼öÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Çൿ "À̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. (AID´Â 1968-72 ³â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¸Þ¸ð, p.9). ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹Ì±¹ ÀÌ 1969 ³âºÎÅÍ º£Æ®³²¿¡¼ °³ÇõÀ» ¿øÇÒ ¶§ Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎ´Â °·ÂÇÏ°Ô Ç×ÀÇÇß´Ù. Çѱ¹±º ÀüÅõ¼ö´ç Çؿܺ¹¹«¼ö´ç Áö±Þ¾×¼ö´Â:ºÎ·Ïc81ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ±â·ÏµÇ¿©ÀÖ´Ù.
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